Which of the following entities typically issues laws and regulations?

The correct answer is that federal and state governments typically issue laws and regulations. This is because the legislative branch of government at both the federal and state levels is responsible for creating laws, which then require regulatory frameworks for enforcement and implementation. Federal laws apply across the entire country, while state laws govern within individual states, providing a structured legal system that addresses a wide range of issues from public safety to environmental protection.

Regulatory agencies, which may arise from the laws passed by these government entities, further develop specific regulations that enforce those laws. This layered approach ensures legal consistency and provides guidelines that must be followed by entities and individuals.

Private organizations and non-governmental organizations primarily operate without the authority to create laws. Instead, they may advocate for changes or work within the regulatory framework established by the government. Local municipalities operate under the permission and guidelines set by state and federal laws, but they do not have the same broad legislative authority; they focus on local ordinances that must still align with higher-level laws.